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Can You Cross the Canadian Border Without a Passport

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Passport issued to citizens of Canada

Canadian passport
Passeport canadien (French)
A navy blue passport cover with a gold-coloured crest. Text reads "CANADA" above the crest and "PASSPORT" and "PASSEPORT" below

The front comprehend of a Canadian eastward-passport
(with chip EPassport logo.svg).
Blazon Passport
Issued by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, on behalf of the Queen in Right of Canada
Start issued
  • 1862 (letter of the alphabet of request)
    1921 (booklet)
  • 1 July 2013 (biometric)
Purpose Identification
Valid in All countries
Eligibility Canadian citizenship
Expiration 5 or 10 years afterwards acquisition for adults (historic period 16 years and older), and v years for children under 16[1]
Cost

Adult (5 years) [2]

  • Regular: CAN$120
  • Limited: CAN$170
  • Urgent: CAN$230

Adult (10 years) [2]

  • Regular: Tin can$160
  • Express: Can$210
  • Urgent: Can$270

Kid [2]

  • Regular: CAN$57
  • Limited: Can$107
  • Urgent: Can$167

A Canadian passport (French: passeport canadien) is the passport issued to citizens of Canada. It enables the bearer to enter or re-enter Canada freely; travel to and from other countries in accordance with visa requirements; facilitates the process of securing assistance from Canadian consular officials abroad, if necessary; and requests protection for the bearer while abroad.[3] [4]

All Canadian passports are issued through the Passport Program of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC).[5] Prior to ane July 2013, Canadian passports were issued through Passport Canada, an independent operating agency of Strange Affairs and International Trade Canada.[6] Passports are ordinarily valid for five or ten years for persons 16 years of age and older, and v years for children nether 16.[1] In 2017, threescore% of Canadians had passports, with being near 22 million passports in circulation.[5] Although held by individual citizens, all Canadian passports legally remain the property of the Crown and must be returned to the Passport Program upon request.[7] [8]

Canada is a member of the V Nations Passport Group, an international forum for cooperation between the passport issuing authorities of Commonwealth of australia, New Zealand, the Britain, and the United States in order to "share all-time practices and talk over innovations related to the development of passport policies, products and practices."[9]

Canada began issuing biometric passports, also known as electronic passports or e-passports, to Canadian citizens on 1 July 2013.[3]

The Canadian passport ranks 8th in the world in terms of freedom of movement and travel according to the Passport Alphabetize.[x]

History [edit]

The first Canadian passports were issued in 1862 following the outbreak of the American Civil State of war, when the Usa demanded more secure identification from Canadians wishing to cross the edge. They took the grade of a "Letter of Asking" from the Governor General of Canada. These documents remained in use until 1915, when Canadian passports were first issued in the British format, a ten-section single-canvas binder.[eleven]

The modern form of the Canadian passport came nearly in 1921. At that fourth dimension, Canadians were British subjects, and Canada shared a mutual nationality with the United Kingdom; thus, Canadian passports were issued to those British subjects resident in or continued to Canada. This system concluded in 1947, when the Canadian Citizenship Act was granted Royal Assent and the designation of Canadian citizenship was created. Get-go in July the following year, Canadian passports were issued to Canadian citizens only.[12] However, the first folio of Canadian Passports however declared that "A Canadian Citizen is a British Discipline," equally such was a chief clause of the Citizenship Act 1946. This would remain until the Act was overhauled and replaced by the Citizenship Human action 1976, later on which the phrase on the first folio of Canadian Passports was changed to read: "The bearer of this passport is a Canadian citizen."[13] [fourteen] [15] [sixteen] [17]

Between 1947 and 1970, Canadian citizens could only apply for passports past mail to Ottawa. Requirements were unproblematic, and applicants challenge nativity in Canada did not have to provide proof of nascence. The lax security led to numerous cases of misuse of the passport, so the Canadian Government tightened the application requirements from 1970. That year, the outset three Passport Canada offices were opened in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver.[3]

The size dimensions of a airtight Canadian passport were originally much larger. This changed in the early 1980s in the lead up to the introduction of Machine-Readable Passports (MRP) when the smaller sized booklet was first introduced.[18]

In 1985, the first version of MRPs was issued, in accordance with International Civil Aviation Organization standards. An amended version came into circulation in 1991, with boosted security features and more stringent processing requirements. By 1993, a newer version of MRP was introduced, which contained unique features to prevent replication or alteration.[3]

Since 11 December 2001, children take not been included in parents' passports, and passports have been issued for 1 person but.[19]

In 2002, Passport Canada began to issue an updated version within Canada, which includes the digitally printed photograph of the bearer embedded into the identification folio of the booklet, holographic images, bar-coded serial number, and a second subconscious photo of the bearer that could only be viewed under ultraviolet light. Canadian diplomatic missions away adopted this version in 2006.[3] In March 2010, the passport was upgraded to include a new design of the identification page and more than anti-counterfeit elements, such as the new colours of Optically Variable Ink and add-on of laser perforated number. The cover, watermark, personalisation technique and holographic laminate are same with the 2002 version. The 2010 version was as well the last revision of MRP prior to the release of e-passports.[19]

In the 2008 federal budget, Jim Flaherty, Minister of Finance, announced that biometric passports (or "e-passports") would exist introduced by 2011.[xx] A pilot project began in 2009, with due east-passports being issued to special and diplomatic passport applicants.[21] The e-passport coil-out was pushed dorsum to i July 2013. On the same day, the issuing authority of Canadian passports was shifted from Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada to Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC), now known every bit IRCC.[half dozen]

Application and issuance [edit]

The issuance of passports falls under the Royal Prerogative. They are issued, in the name of the reigning Canadian monarch (as expressed in the passport note), according to the Canadian Passport Gild.[half-dozen] This Order in Council specifies grounds for which Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) tin issue or renew a passport.

Passport requirements [edit]

Nether the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, all Canadian citizens have the right to enter Canada. Since 10 November 2016, nether the new visa regulations all visa-gratis passport holders (except for U.Southward. citizens and nationals) are required to employ for an Electronic Travel Say-so (eTA) before boarding a flight to Canada. This means there is now a de facto requirement for Canadian citizens to employ a Canadian passport when travelling to or transiting through Canada by air, unless a special authorization is obtained within x days of travel.

As the eTA is used for the sole purpose of immigration screening for non-Canadian visitors entering Canada on a temporary basis, all Canadian citizens are automatically barred from applying the eTA. Hence the passport requirement is in place, because a Canadian citizen who travels on a visa-free, non-Canadian passport volition be prevented from boarding the commercial flight to Canada unless he or she tin can nowadays a valid Canadian passport during bank check-in.[22] The simply exceptions to this rule are for a Canadian citizen travelling on a U.S. passport, as Americans do not need an eTA to enter Canada, or when a Canadian denizen travelling on an eTA-required passport enters Canada by sea, through one of the land ports of entry from the U.Southward., or holds a special authorization [23] (which is free and available to anyone who has previously held a Canadian passport or Canadian citizenship certificate).

Application [edit]

Canadians in Canada can submit their applications in person through a passport office, a Service Canada location, or tin can submit their applications by mail. Canadians in the U.S. or Bermuda tin employ just by post. Canadians living in other countries or territories are required to apply through the nearest Canadian diplomatic posts abroad. Expedited services (urgent, limited and standard choice-ups) are only available through a passport office in Canada.

Guarantor of identity [edit]

The Canadian passport issuing system is modelled afterwards the United Kingdom, where all get-go-time passport applications are required to be "countersigned" by a person who has known the applicant for a minimum of two years.[24] Australia and New Zealand have similar policies. The use of a guarantor is to serve "equally a security measure in the entitlement process and as a point of deviation for the hereafter investigation of statements made on the awarding form".[25]

Rules regarding the eligibility of guarantors were terminal updated on 12 August 2013. For passport applicants in Canada, only a Canadian passport holder can be a guarantor. For Canadian citizens living away who practise not have a Canadian guarantor, a non-Canadian guarantor who works in a licensed profession may exist used for application, such as a dentist, medical doctor, judge, lawyer, notary public, pharmacist, police force officeholder, veterinarian, or sitting officer for a financial institution.

Passport fees [edit]

The fee (since 1 July 2013) for a standard developed passport issued in Canada is $120 for a five-year passport or $160 for a ten-twelvemonth passport, and exterior of Canada is $190 and $260 respectively. The fee for a v-year passport for a child under 16 is $57 if issued in Canada, and $100 exterior of Canada. Boosted fees are levied for urgent service or replacement of a lost or stolen passport. All fees are payable in Canadian dollars.

Refusal and revocation of passports [edit]

IRCC may revoke a passport or refuse to outcome or renew a passport on grounds set up out in the Canadian Passport Club, including such grounds every bit failure to submit a consummate awarding, misrepresentation in obtaining a passport, and criminality. Even so, whether a Canadian passport may exist revoked or refused on the footing of national security concerns has been questioned.

Types of passports [edit]

Earlier 1947, at that place were two types of passports: those issued to people who were built-in British subjects (navy blueish cover) and those issued to people naturalised every bit British subjects (red cover).

Today, there are five types of Canadian passports:[v]

Regular Passport (navy blue cover)
These documents are issued to citizens for occasional travel, such as vacations and concern trips. They contain 36 pages (29 pages bachelor for visa labels and stamps). They tin can be issued to adults (age 16 years and older) with a validity of five or 10 years or children under 16 with a validity of 5 years.
Temporary Passport (white cover)
These are issued to Canadian citizens outside Canada who crave passports only their regular passport application is being candy. This passport contains eight pages and is valid between 6 months and 1 year.[19]
Emergency Travel Document (single folio)
Emergency travel documents are ane-employ documents issued to Canadians for direct render to their home state, or to the nearest Canadian diplomatic mission where full passport services are offered. The document contains details of the person, photo, travel details and expiry date of the document.[19]

Special passport issued for the purpose of attending the 1936 Vimy pilgrimage

Special passport issued for the purpose of attending the 1936 Vimy pilgrimage. 1 of more 6,000 issued.[26]

Special Passport (dark-green cover)
These are issued pursuant to the Diplomatic and Special Passports Gild[27] to people representing the Canadian government on official concern, including Privy Councillors, Members of Parliament, provincial chiffonier members, public servants, citizens nominated as official non-diplomatic delegates[28] and Canadian Forces members who are posted abroad.[29] Since January 2009 special passports accept been issued as electronic passports, in training of the full implementation of the ePassport program.[thirty]
Diplomatic Passport (maroon cover)
These are issued pursuant to the Diplomatic and Special Passports Order[27] to Canadian diplomats, loftier-ranking authorities officials (including lieutenant governors and commissioners of territories),[31] diplomatic couriers, and private citizens nominated every bit official diplomatic delegates. Firsthand family members of the aforementioned individuals (except diplomatic couriers) who reside with them may exist also issued diplomatic passports. Since 2009, diplomatic passports have been issued as electronic passports, in preparation of the full implementation of the ePassport program.[30] Per the Diplomatic and Special Passports Gild, but the Governor Full general and Prime Minister and their immediate family members may use their diplomatic passports for all types of travel (i.e. official or personal).
  • Depictions of the different types of Canadian passports

  • Cover of a Canadian Regular Passport. Cover is navy blue colour with a gold-coloured crest. Text reads

    Cover of a Canadian Regular Passport

  • Cover of a Canadian Temporary Passport. Cover is white colour with a gold-coloured crest. Text reads "CANADA" above the crest, and "TEMPORARY PASSPORT" and "PASSEPORT PROVISOIRE" beneath the crest.

    Cover of a Canadian Temporary Passport

  • Specimen image of a Canadian Emergency Travel Document. Document features multi-coloured maple leaves in the background and the crest at the top. Text reads "CANADA" above the national crest, and "EMERGENCY TRAVEL DOCUMENT, FOR A SINGLE JOURNEY ONLY" and "TITRE DE VOYAGE D'URGENCE, VALABLE POUR UN SEUL VOYAGE" on either side of the crest

    Canadian Emergency Travel Certificate

  • Cover of Canadian Special e-Passport. Cover is green colour with a gold-coloured crest. Text reads "CANADA" above the crest, and "SPECIAL PASSPORT" and "PASSEPORT SPÉCIAL" below the crest

    Cover of a Canadian Special e-Passport

  • Cover of Canadian Diplomatic e-Passport. Cover is maroon colour with a gold-coloured crest. Text reads "CANADA" and "DIPLOMATIC PASSPORT" and "PASSEPORT DIPLOMATIQUE"

    Cover of a Canadian Diplomatic e-Passport

Physical appearance [edit]

Regular passports are deep navy blue, with the Purple Coat of Artillery of Canada emblazoned in the eye of the front end cover. The words "PASSPORT• PASSEPORT " and the international e-passport symbol (EPassport logo.svg)[32] are inscribed below the glaze of arms, and "CANADA" above. The bilingual cover is indicative of the textual portions of Canadian passports being printed in both English and French, Canada's two official languages. The standard passport contains 36 pages, with 29 available for entry/go out stamps and visas. The size dimensions of a closed Canadian passport are 8.89 cm (3.5") by 12.7 cm (5").

New security features, similar to those on banknotes, have been added with increasing frequency since 2001. Microprinting, holographic images, UV-visible imaging, watermarks and other details have been implemented, especially on the photo page. As well, the photo is now digitally printed direct on the paper (in both standard and UV-reactive ink); previously, the actual photo had been laminated inside the document.

Personal Information Page of a Canadian passport, from 2002 to 2010

Data page [edit]

  • Photograph of the passport holder
  • Blazon (Type): P
  • Issuing Country (Pays émetteur): listed as "Tin can" for "Canada"
  • Passport No. (Nº de passeport): 2 messages and six numbers
  • Surname (Nom)
  • Given Names (Prénoms)
  • Nationality (Nationalité): Canadian nationality marked as "Canadian/Canadienne" in both English and French
  • Date of Nascence (Date de naissance)
  • Sexual practice (Sexe): "M" for Male, "F" for Female
  • Identify of Nativity (Lieu de naissance): the urban center and three-letter country code are listed, even if born inside Canada
    • Note: Province or State is required on the application form, if applicable, but is not listed in the passport.
  • Engagement of Issue (Date de délivrance)
  • Issuing Authorization (Autorité de délivrance)
  • Date of Expiry (Date d'expiration)

The information page ends with the Machine Readable Zone.

Signature [edit]

From 2002 until May 2015, all Canadian passports contained ii signature spaces: one is on the information page where a scanned signature is printed along with other personal details, the other is a blank signature cake on page 3. After the applicants take received the passport, those over 16 must likewise sign in the signature block in ink.[33]

Since May 2015, the passport bearer's scanned signature has not been printed on the data folio. Developed applicants, however, must still sign page 3 in the passport book when they receive it.[34]

Sex [edit]

On 24 August 2022 the Canadian government announced that information technology would implement procedures for Canadians who wish to have their sexual activity given every bit Ten (unspecified) on Canadian passports, which is one of the three permitted sexual activity designations for machine-readable passports along with Grand (male) and F (female) specified by the International Ceremonious Aviation Organization.[35] [36] As an acting mensurate until IRCC became able to print passports with X sexual activity designations, effective 31 Baronial 2022 IRCC offered passports with a annotation on the Observations page indicating that the passport holder should be identified equally Ten rather than the printed sex designation on the data page.[37] Since 11 July 2019, the X designation has been printed on the information page, although travellers are warned that other countries may insist on a male or female person designation.[38]

Passport annotation [edit]

The passports contain a notation from the issuing say-so addressed to the authorities of all other states, identifying the bearer as a citizen of that state and requesting that they be immune to pass and be treated according to international norms. The textual portions of Canadian passports are printed in English language and French, the official languages of Canada. The annotation inside of Canadian passports states, in English:

The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada requests, in the name of Her Majesty the Queen, all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely, without delay or hindrance, and to beget the bearer such assistance and protection as may be necessary.

And in French:

Le ministre des Affaires étrangères du Canada, au nom de Sa Majesté la Reine, prie les autorités intéressées de bien vouloir laisser passer le titulaire librement, sans délai ou entrave, de même que lui prêter l'adjutant et la protection dont il aurait besoin.

Place of nascence [edit]

The place of birth is inscribed under the following format: CITYNAME UTO, where "UTO" is the ISO 3166-1 blastoff-iii country code of the country of nascency. The outset-level authoritative country subdivision of birth, such as the Canadian province (or the U.S. state), is not mentioned equally a part of place of birth. So Canadian citizens born in Richmond, British Columbia; Richmond, Quebec; or Richmond, Nova Scotia would accept the same inscription as place of nascency, RICHMOND Tin can (a naturalized Canadian citizen born in Portland, Maine or Portland, Oregon would have PORTLAND USA). Exceptions to this format are listed below.

A passport applicant may request, in writing, that IRCC not list the place of birth (metropolis and country)—or country of birth—on their data page, past filling out PPTC 077. The applicant must indicate his or her awareness that omitting this information could cause difficulties at international entry points or when applying for visas.[39]

Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan [edit]

In response to the Chinese government'south modification of requirements for the issuance of visas to Canadian citizens born in Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan, Canadian passports issued to Canadians built-in in Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan are at present issued simply with the place of birth and not the three-letter state code. Chinese visas will no longer exist issued to Canadian passport holders whose place of birth is inscribed as Hong Kong HKG, Macau MAC, or TWN.[40]

Jerusalem and Palestine [edit]

Since April 1976, the policy has been that Canadian citizens born in Jerusalem accept their birthplace identified only by the city's name, with no national designation, due to the unresolved legal status of Jerusalem.[41] However, Canadian citizens born prior to xiv May 1948 may have their birthplace identified as Palestine if they were built-in in what was the British Mandate of Palestine (including Jerusalem).[42]

Changes [edit]

Official languages [edit]

In September 2003, Le Devoir printed a letter calling on Passport Canada to requite private Canadians the choice of which official language appeared starting time in their passports, English or French.[43] The Passport Function claimed that this was not allowed under international norms, but it was shown that Belgian passport applications asked Belgian citizens which of their country'south three official languages (Dutch, French or German) should appear first in their passports.[44] [45]

ePassport [edit]

In 2008, Passport Canada announced that information technology would be issuing electronic passports to Canadian travellers starting in 2012. The e-passport will have an electronic chip encoded with the bearer's proper name, gender, and date and identify of birth and a digital portrait of their face up.

On 7 April 2010, Passport Canada appear that in 2012, Canada volition begin issuing electronic passports, or ePassports, to all its citizens. Passport Canada states that "the utilize of ePassports will allow Canada to follow international standards in the field of passport security to protect the nation's borders and maintain the ease of international travel that Canadians currently enjoy. At the same time, Passport Canada will beginning offering the choice of a 10-year validity catamenia besides as the current 5-year validity catamenia."[46]

In September 2011, Passport Canada announced that the electronic passport would be fix by the end of 2012, however this was pushed back to 2022 when the organization found significant filibuster because of an increase in passport applications for revised entry policies to the United states in the tardily 2000s and a lengthy consultation procedure was needed to survey public reactions to the new passport changes.[47]

All Canadian passports issued on or after one July 2022 accept been ePassports.[3]

All ePassports are issued with 36 pages as opposed to the previous choice of 24 or 48 pages.

Proposed online application procedure [edit]

In 2015, IRCC (then known as CIC) planned to change the passport renewal organisation by integrating the passport issuance platform with its Global Case Management System (GCMS), a consolidated IT system for citizenship and immigration applications.[48] Nether the proposed system modelled later New Zealand, passport holders would no longer demand to render their old passports to CIC for cancellation, only can instead utilise for a new passport online while keeping the old documents before they receive the new ones. Instead of returning the one-time passports, applicants would exist asked to cut the corners of these documents "through an honor system".[49] The new procedure was expected to exist bachelor in November 2015, however the plan was cancelled in October when the utilize of GCMS for passport applications was temporarily suspended due to numerous security glitches in the system.[fifty] IRCC permanently suspended the utilise of GCMS for passport applications in Feb 2022 post-obit an internal audit. GCMS volition not exist used for passport applications until all risks, which include "Passport Programme business organization requirements", are identified and secured.[51] [52]

Incidents [edit]

Misuse [edit]

Since its introduction, the Canadian passport has been a favourable target of counterfeiters, criminals and agents of foreign governments. The reasons for such high number of misuses include the relative lax issuance process before 1970,[iii] the lack of anti-counterfeit features in early not-MRP versions, and Canadian passport's loftier number of visa-free countries. In 2015, a fake or altered Canadian passport can cost as much as US$iii,000 on the black marketplace, almost 3 times college than imitation or altered European union passports.[53]

  • In 1940, Ramón Mercader, a Castilian national, travelled to Mexico City on a fraudulent Canadian passport to assassinate Leon Trotsky.[54]
  • In 1961, Konon Molody used a fraudulently obtained passport of deceased Canadian Arnold Lonsdale. Using this identity he engaged in espionage activities in the United Kingdom.[54]
  • In 1962, three American fugitives who were convicted with narcotics-related charges obtained Canadian passports to escape to Spain. At the same fourth dimension, Australian government officials also uncovered a Soviet spy ring that was using Canadian passports.[54]
  • In 1968, James Earl Ray, the man who assassinated Martin Luther King, Jr., used a Canadian passport, which was obtained with a forged baptismal certificate in the proper name of "Ramon George Sneyd", to temporarily escape capture post-obit his completed assassination.[54] He was in possession of two Canadian passports at the time of his abort at London Heathrow Drome.[54] Before Ray'south arrest, he was able to plough his passport in, which has incorrectly spelled his fake last name every bit "Sneya", to the Canadian Embassy in Portugal, for a replacement under his correct alias. The arrest of Ray triggered an investigation launched by the Regal Commission on Security in 1969, which recommended much more than stringent application requirements and the establishment of Passport Canada offices.[iii]
  • In 1973, Mossad agents killed a waiter in Lillehammer, Norway in the mistaken belief that he was a senior operative for Blackness September. The utilise of faux Canadian passports by the killers prompted a diplomatic crisis in relations betwixt Canada and Israel, resulting in a commitment by Israel not to misuse Canadian passports in the future. It also resulted in a redesign of the Canadian passport to improve its security features.[55]
  • In 1997, Israeli secret service personnel again botched an assassination bid while using Canadian passports. The endeavor against Khaled Mashal in Hashemite kingdom of jordan resulted in the arrest of the would-exist killers. The Foreign Affairs Government minister Lloyd Axworthy somewhen received an apology and a written assurance that Mossad would desist from using Canadian passports.[56]
  • Ahmed Ressam, the Algerian al-Qaeda Millennium Bomber who attempted to accident upward Los Angeles International Drome on New year's day's Eve 1999/2000, evaded displacement by Canada and travelled freely to and from Canada by using a Canadian passport he obtained in March 1998 past submitting a fraudulent baptismal certificate; he used a stolen blank certificate, filling it in with a fictitious proper noun.[57]
  • In 2007, a former Canadian bureaucrat pleaded guilty to selling at least 10 fraudulent passports to individuals overseas.[58]
  • A Russian spy involved in the Illegals Program used a Canadian passport to travel to the U.s. to deliver payment to Russian sleeper agents. The passport was issued to a man known as Christopher Metsos. However, following the public revelation of the spy ring in 2010, Passport Canada revoked the certificate, proverb it had been issued by the Canadian High Commission in Johannesburg, South Africa to a man assuming the identity of a deceased Canadian child.[59]

While non a instance of misuse as it was conducted with secret approval of the Canadian government, half-dozen American diplomats were smuggled out of Iran using authentic Canadian passports containing forged Iranian visas in 1980.

Denial of passports to Abdurahman Khadr and Fateh Kamel [edit]

In July 2004, Abdurahman Khadr was denied a Canadian passport past Governor General Adrienne Clarkson on the explicit advice of her Foreign Affairs Government minister, Pecker Graham, who stated the decision was "in the interest of the national security of Canada and the protection of Canadian troops in Afghanistan." The authorities invoked Royal Prerogative in order to deny Khadr's passport, as national security was not at that fourth dimension listed in the Canadian Passport Club as a ground for refusal. Shortly thereafter, on 22 September 2004, department ten.1 was added to the order, which allowed the minister to revoke or refuse a passport due to national security concerns.[60] Khadr sought judicial review of the government minister's decision to refuse his passport and,[61] on 8 June of the following year, the Federal Court ruled that the authorities did not have the ability to refuse to issue Khadr'south passport in the absenteeism of specific authority set up out in the Canadian Passport Order, simply stated in obiter dicta that if the order were to be amended, Khadr would likely non exist able to claiming the revocation.[62] In 2006, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Peter MacKay, again denied Khadr's application, this time invoking section ten.ane of the amended Canadian Passport Society.[63]

Section x.1 was later challenged in Federal Court past Fateh Kamel, whose passport had also been refused for national security reasons. On 13 March 2008, the Federal Court declared section 10.ane of the Canadian Passport Guild to exist unconstitutional and therefore invalid,[64] [65] though the court suspended its declaration of invalidity for half dozen months in order to permit the government time to amend the order. The federal government launched an appeal at the Federal Courtroom of Entreatment and a ruling handed downwardly on 29 January 2009 overturned the lower court decision. The courtroom unanimously agreed the denial of passport service on national security grounds is in compliance with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, citing the limitation clause (Department 1) equally its main determination bespeak.[66] [67] Kamel launched an appeal in 2009 to the Supreme Courtroom of Canada only the court declined to hear his case and thus ended the legality claiming to the Canadian Passport Club.[68] In 2010, Kamel attempted to re-apply for a Canadian passport but was once over again refused by the minister on grounds of national security. He sought judicial review simply was dismissed by the Federal Courtroom and subsequently past the Federal Courtroom of Appeal in 2013.[69] Kamel did not appeal the determination of the Federal Court of Entreatment to the Supreme Court of Canada.

Proof of Canadian citizenship [edit]

A Canadian passport serves as the proof of holder'southward identity and nationality condition exterior Canada. Contrary to popular belief, however, a Canadian passport itself, be it valid or invalid, is simply a prima facie proof of Canadian citizenship. Conclusive proof of Canadian citizenship, as dictated by the IRCC, only includes the following documents:[lxx]

  • Canadian citizenship document;
  • Canadian citizenship menu;
  • Birth certificate from a Canadian province or territory;
  • Naturalisation document as a British subject in Canada (issued earlier 1 January 1947);
  • Registration of birth abroad certificate (issued between 1 January 1947 and 14 February 1977); and,
  • Certificates of retention (issued between one January 1947 and 14 February 1977)

Although the provincial or territorial birth document is accustomed past IRCC as valid proof of citizenship, Department 3(2) of the Citizenship Act declares that a child born in Canada to a diplomatic or consular officeholder or other representative of a foreign country, or an employee in the service of such person, is not a Canadian citizen if neither parent was a Canadian denizen or Canadian permanent resident at time of the child's birth. Such persons may be issued Canadian passports, as their provincial or territorial birth certificate are considered as proof of citizenship. Under the Act, even so, they are legally not Canadian citizens even if they hold a valid Canadian passport.

The ambiguity on the enforcement of the Act can create hardship for Canadian passport holders who assumed they were Canadian citizens. Deepan Budlakoti, a stateless homo built-in in Ottawa to Indian parents who were employed past the Indian High Commission at the fourth dimension of his nascence, was twice issued a Canadian passport nether the assumption that he was a Canadian citizen by virtue of being born in Canada.[71] His Canadian passport, however, was cancelled after his criminal convictions in 2010 brought the investigation by Citizenship and Immigration Canada, which concluded in 2022 that he was non a Canadian citizen, only a permanent resident. His request for judicial review in the Federal Courtroom, and subsequent appeals up to the Supreme Court of Canada, to recognize him as a Canadian citizen were denied.[72] The Indian government claims that he had lost his Indian citizenship by obtaining a Canadian passport, every bit Rule 3 of Schedule III of the Citizenship Rules, 1956 of India states that "the fact that a denizen of India has obtained on any engagement a passport from the Government of any other country shall be conclusive proof of his/her having voluntarily acquired the citizenship of that land before that date".[72] Budlakoti, therefore, is stateless, regardless of the fact that he had held a Canadian passport.

Visa requirements [edit]

Visa requirements for Canadian citizens

 Canada

 Visa not required

 Visa on inflow

 Electronic authorization or online payment required / eVisa

 Both visa on arrival and eVisa available

 Visa required prior to arrival

Visa requirements for Canadian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Canada. According to the 2022 Henley Passport Index, holders of a Canadian passport can visit 185 countries and territories without a visa or with a visa on arrival, ranking the Canadian passport 7th[73] in the world (tied with Australia).[74] [75]

Visa-free access to the United States [edit]

Prior to 2007, Canadians could enter the Usa by presenting a birth document (or other proof of Canadian citizenship) along with a class of photo identification (such as a driver's licence). In many cases United States border agents would accept a verbal declaration of citizenship.

Nether the United states Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, since 23 January 2007, all Canadians inbound the U.s. via air have been required to present a valid passport or NEXUS card.[76] Since one June 2009, the United States has required all Canadian citizens (xvi years or older) to nowadays a passport, NEXUS card, enhanced driver's licence, or Free and Secure Trade (FAST) card to enter the U.S. via land or water.[76]

In most circumstances, Canadian citizens practise not require company, business, transit or other visas to enter the United States, either from Canada or from other countries. Moreover, Canadian citizens are generally granted a stay in the U.S. for upwards to half dozen months at the time of entry. Visa requirements merely apply to Canadians who fall under visa categories, and they must apply for a visa before entry in the same manner equally other nationalities:[77] [78]

  • E (investors)
  • K (fiancé(east)s or spouses and their children of U.S. citizens)
  • V (spouses and children of Lawful Permanent Residents)
  • Southward (informants)
  • A (Canadian government officials travelling on official business),
  • Thou (Canadian diplomats working for international organizations in the U.Due south.)
  • NATO (Canadians working specifically for the NATO)

Canadian students are exempted from the visa requirements if they concord a valid form I-20 or DS-2019 and have paid their SEVIS registration fees, which enables them to travel to the U.South. under F-1 or J-1 statuses.[79]

Lawfully working in the United states of america [edit]

Under the United States–Mexico–Canada Understanding (USMCA), Canadian citizens can legally work in the U.S. under simplified process, known as TN condition, if their professions are nether USMCA regulations and they have a prearranged full-fourth dimension or part-fourth dimension chore with a U.Due south. employer. Obtaining TN condition does non involve getting a physical visa, instead the applicant is required to apply and receive TN status with U.S. Community and Border Protection (CBP) at a U.S. port of entry. The TN status is proficient for three years once canonical and tin be renewed indefinitely if working for the same employer, nonetheless it may be reviewed and maybe revoked each time the bidder enters the U.South. TN status also does not facilitate the process of obtaining lawful U.S. permanent residency and cannot be used to live in the U.S. permanently.[80]

Canadians who desire to piece of work in the U.Southward. with intention to immigrate to the U.S., or who are ineligible for TN condition, can too piece of work nether the H-1B status. Unlike other nationalities, they are exempted from obtaining the physical visa from a U.S. embassy or consulate. Apart from the visa exemption, other procedures are the same with all foreign nationals.[81]

Start Nations [edit]

Under the Jay Treaty signed past the U.South. and Great United kingdom in 1794, all First Nations born in Canada are entitled to freely enter the U.S. for employment, education, retirement, investing, or immigration. In society to qualify, all eligible persons must provide documentation of their Commencement Nations background at the port of entry. The documentation must be sufficient to show the bearer is "at least 50% of the American Indian race".[82] [83]

Strange travel statistics [edit]

According to the statistics these are the numbers of Canadian visitors to diverse countries per annum in 2022 (unless otherwise noted):

See as well [edit]

  • Canadian Passport Order
  • Canadian nationality law
  • Canadian passport information on PRADO
  • Visa requirements for Canadian citizens
  • Visa policy of Canada
  • List of diplomatic missions of Canada
  • V Nations Passport Group

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f m h i j g l m n o p q r s t u five due west x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Data for 2016
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l one thousand northward o p q r s t u v west x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Information for 2017
  3. ^ a b c d due east f g h Information for 2014
  4. ^ a b c d due east f g h i j k l m Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
  5. ^ a b c d Data for 2013
  6. ^ a b Data for 2011
  7. ^ a b c d Data for arrivals by air only.
  8. ^ Data for 2012
  9. ^ Excluding one-twenty-four hours visits
  10. ^ a b c d Information for 2010
  11. ^ Data for 2007
  12. ^ a b c Data for 2009
  13. ^ Total number includes tourists, business travelers, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions (I-94).

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  216. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create equally championship (link)
  217. ^ International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2017
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  219. ^ "Tourism Trends and Statistics 2022 Annual Report – Zimbabwe A Globe Of Wonders". zimbabwetourism.net. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved xi December 2016.

External links [edit]

  • Official site
  • History of Canadian Passports
  • Renewal of Canadian Passports
  • Passport Guarantors Policy
  • Travel Advice and Advisories – Global Diplomacy Canada
  • Directory of Canadian Authorities Offices Abroad – Global Diplomacy Canada

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_passport

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